VACUNA PARA TIFOIDEA

Todos los viajeros a áreas endémicas (como Latinoamérica) estan en riesgo potencial, especialmente si tendran contacto con las pobres condiciones de higiene de los paises.
Se puede ofrecer una de 2 vacunas:

· Oral Ty21a: Vacuna celular, viva, atenuada de Salmonella typhi Ty21a, como cápsula entérica, por vía oral en 3 dosis (una cada 2 días) y produce protección luego de 7 días de la última dosis. La eficacia no es de 100% (67% a los 7 años o menor).

· Inyectable Vi CPS: Vacuna con antígeno Capsular Vi (Vi CPS), se da por vía i.m. en una sola dosis y protege luego de 7 días. En áreas endémicas, la eficacia protectora es de 72% después de 1.5 años y 50% después de 3 años de vacunación.
Aún vacunado se debe tener cuidado con la comida y agua potencialmente contaminada ya que no protege al 100%.
NO a menores de 2 años.No reacciones adversas serias.
Consulte su médico antes de viajar.
otras vacunas en http://www.gipeit.com

Confirmada 4 muertes Asociadas a la Vacuna Fiebre Amarilla

La CDC y la OPS han publicado recientemente la confirmacion de 4 casos fatales asociados a la vacuna de la fiebre Amarilla en el Perú. Dado que este es un tema de interes internacional se ha conformado un equipo para evaluar el por que de estas muertes. Mientras tanto se ha suspendido la vacunacion con los lotes relacionados que son de producción brasilera. Las vacunas de producción Francesa STAMARIL pueden utilizarse segun la evaluación riesgo beneficio para los viajeros que la requieran.

In the News CDC
Yellow Fever Vaccine Adverse Events in Peru
This information is current as of today, November 19, 2007 at 15:05 Updated: November 19, 2007

Four laboratory-confirme d deaths in Peru have been associated with receipt of yellow fever vaccine. The vaccine was administered as part of a mass immunization campaign after the recent earthquake in Peru. All four persons received vaccine from the same lot, manufactured by Bio-Manguinos in Brazil. Peruvian health authorities, with the assistance of CDC, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and the World Health Organization (WHO), are conducting an investigation. The goal of the investigation is to determine whether factors causing these fatal adverse reactions to the vaccine were related to the vaccine itself, to some characteristic of the people receiving the vaccine, a combination of both, or some other factor. Serious adverse reactions following yellow fever vaccination have previously been reported, but are rare events. This Brazilian-manufactu red vaccine is widely used in parts of the world where yellow fever is endemic, especially in South America. Consequently, this cluster of fatal reactions to the vaccine in Peru is an international public health concern. The vaccine lot associated with these adverse events has been removed from circulation. Additionally, this situation poses no new risks to persons receiving pre-travel yellow fever vaccination in the United States. The Brazilian-manufactu red vaccine is different from the yellow fever vaccine used for travelers in the United States. The vaccine used in the United States is manufactured by Sanofi Pasteur Inc. For more information about these adverse events, see the Statement by the Pan American Health Organization/ World Health Organization made November 2, 2007. 2 November 2007

Fatal adverse events following receipt of yellow fever vaccine produced by Bio-Manguinhos, Brazil

Summary of reported adverse events In recent weeks, four fatal cases of adverse events following administration of yellow fever vaccine (17DD sub-strain) manufactured by Bio-Manguinhos, Brazil have been reported to the Pan American Health Organization/ World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO).

The four deaths occurred in Peru between 6 and 24 October 2007 in vaccinated persons ranging in age from 23 to 79 years. All four cases reported in Peru were recipients of a single lot of vaccine (050VFA121Z) , during a yellow fever vaccination campaign in the Ica Region, south of Lima. Yellow fever vaccination was started on 23 September 2007 and was suspended by national authorities on 6 October, following the report of the first fatal case; during this period it is estimated 42,742 persons have been vaccinated with the specified lot. These four cases presented with a similar clinical picture of fever, headache, malaise and diarrhea, progressing rapidly to distributive shock and irreversible multiple organ failure. Their onset of symptoms ranged from less than 24 hours to one week after vaccination. No additional suspected cases of viscerotropic disease have been identified in Peru at this point and all other reports of adverse events following yellow fever vaccination have been characterized as mild and fully recovered. Based on the clinical and laboratory information available to date, three of four cases are being classified as laboratory-confirme d cases of acute viscerotropic disease following yellow fever vaccination (Definite YEL-AVD); one case is probable vaccine associated viscerotropic disease pending additional laboratory confirmation on autopsy material. An investigation of the reported cases was started by the relevant national authorities in Peru with the support of PAHO/WHO and the US Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC). In addition, PAHO/WHO convened, as of 1 November, a panel of experts in yellow fever hemorrhagic disease and yellow fever vaccination, virology and epidemiology to review with the respective national authorities all the reported cases and evaluate the potential causal relationships with the vaccine. Acute viscerotropic disease following yellow fever vaccination is a rarely reported condition first recognized in 2001; to date 37 suspected or confirmed cases have been reported globally following vaccination with both 17DD and 17D204 vaccine substrains. It most typically presents as a yellow fever-like illness with multiple organ failure, with onset of symptoms 2-5 days following receipt of yellow fever vaccines. The estimated risk for viscerotropic disease following YF vaccination ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 per 100,000 vaccinated persons overall; a higher risk has been documented in persons older than 60 years. There is currently limited understanding of the individual host factors or vaccine factors that potentially contribute to the risk of developing viscerotropic disease. The yellow fever vaccine produced by Bio-Manguinhos is prequalified by WHO since October 2001 and supplied through the PAHO Revolving Fund and UNICEF to several countries for routine immunization, campaigns, outbreak control, and for immunization of travelers.

PAHO/WHO recommendations

The cases in Peru constitute the first reported cluster of viscerotropic disease potentially linked to a single vaccine lot. Based on the number of doses of vaccine used in Peru from 23 September to 6 October, the reporting rate of cases is approximately 10 per 100,000 vaccine doses administered, significantly higher than previously reported rates. In view of this significantly higher reporting rate of viscerotropic disease linked to the vaccine lot 05OVFA121Z used in Peru, PAHO/WHO recommend with immediate effect, the suspension of use of the Bio-Manguinhos yellow fever vaccine lot 05OVFA121Z and related lots in production, specifically 05OVFA118Z, 05OVFA119Z, 05OVFA120Z, 05OVFA122Z, 05OVFA123Z, 05OVFA124Z, 05OVFA125Z, 05OVFA126Z, till further notice. The suspension of any other lots of Bio-Manguinhos yellow fever vaccine is not necessary at this time (other than the lots specified above) as there are no data suggesting an increased risk. PAHO/WHO recommend that all countries using the yellow fever vaccine enhance their capacity to detect severe adverse events following immunization.

Specific actions to be taken at country level

If it is confirmed that a country has current stocks of the specified lots of Bio-Manguinhos yellow fever vaccine (as above), use of the vaccine should be suspended immediately and the vaccine retained under the recommended storage conditions till

further recommendations are provided.

If it is confirmed that the country has NOT received shipments of the specified lots of yellow fever vaccine, there is NO ACTION required with regard to suspension. ONLY if there is still concern that a country may have received yellow fever vaccine related to the suspended lots, the responsible national authorities should inform PAHO/WHO and UNICEF through their respective Country Offices of the specific lots of concern. A check will be made into these lots and the country will be advised whether these lots are affected by the suspension or not. Further action being undertaken by PAHO/WHO, in conjunction with the relevant national authorities in Peru includes: Deployment of an international team of PAHO/WHO and CDC staff to Peru to assist with the ongoing investigation. Continuing steps to identify additional epidemiological, virological, molecular, and pathological data needed to classify the reported cases. Further laboratory testing of vaccine samples will be performed to help in determining the association of the reported events with the specific lots used. An independent review of the manufacturing and quality control process for the vaccine, as well as distribution and use of the above specified lots. Enhanced surveillance for potential additional cases of mild to severe viscerotropic disease and further epidemiological investigation. The above-mentioned expert panel includes several leading national and international experts with extensive experience in investigating previously reported cases of viscerotropic disease. PAHO/WHO will continue to coordinate and rely on the expertise provided by this panel and will be issuing additional updates as critical information becomes available, as well as recommendations for further specific action.

http://www.gipeit.com/

CONSEJOS PARA VIAJAR A ARABIA SAUDITA (MECA)

La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), ha liberado en su último boletín las recomendaciones del gobierno de Arabia Saudita para los viajeros o peregrinos a la Meca (Hajj):

Vacuna Fiebre Amarilla: Se exigirá un certificado internacional a todos los viajeros que arriven de paises con Fiebre Amarilla (como el Perú).
Vacuna contra meningococo: Se exigirá un certificado con la vacuna tetravalente (ACYW135) a todos los viajeros.
Vacuna para Influenza: El Ministerio de Salud recomienda la vacunación a todos los que visitan la Mecca.
Vacuna contra Poliomielitis: Recomendada a todos los que arrivan de paises donde se ha reportado polio.
Vigilancia de Enfermedades (en aeropuertos): todos los que ingresan seran evaluados para descartar enfermedades de Notificación Internacional (Dengue, Fiebre Amarilla, meningitis meningococica)

2 NOVEMBER 2007, 82nd YEAR / 2 NOVEMBRE 2007, 82e ANNÉE
No. 44, 2007, 82, 385–388
http://www.who.int/wer

Seguridad de la Vacuna para Fiebre Amarilla

A propósito de casos Fatales con la Vacuna para Fiebre amarilla

La VFA tiene una larga historia de seguridad que respalda su uso. Es bien tolerada, tiene una tasa muy baja de eventos adversos graves; menos del 25% de vacunados desarrolla síntomas sistémicos leves como cefalea o fiebre de bajo grado entre 2 a 6 días después de la vacunación.
Sin embargo es bueno recordar que la Enfermedad neurologica/Viscerotrópica asociada a la vacuna han aparecido en la literatura médica no hace mucho.
Desde 1975 al 2006, un total de 36 casos de Enfermedad Viscerotrópica Aguda fueron reportadas al Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Pero fueron revisadas en la literatura recien el 2001 y como es de esperar por la rareza de esta enfermedad aun hay muchas preguntas que faltan aclarar como cuales son los factores predisponentes o de riesgo. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Oct;101(10):967-71

Aqui las recomendaciones de la OMS que aprecieron recien el 2001

Fiebre amarilla
El Comité Consultivo Mundial sobre Seguridad de las Vacunas (GACVS)
Aparece en el Boletín epidemiológico semanal (WER) del 7 de enero de 2005
El GACVS ha examinado anteriormente la seguridad de las vacunas antiamarílicas, con especial referencia a las formas viscerotrópicas de la enfermedad y a otros acontecimientos adversos graves.1 Desde 1996 hasta la fecha se han notificado en el mundo 23 casos confirmados o probables de enfermedad viscerotrópica posterior a la administración de la vacuna antiamarílica 17D. En total, 14 de los 23 casos (61%) fueron mortales. Todos los casos se produjeron después de la primera vacunación. Las estimaciones recientes del riesgo de enfermedad viscerotrópica asociada a la vacunación antiamarílica concuerdan con las estimaciones realizadas anteriormente en los Estados Unidos y oscilan entre 0,04 y 3 casos por millón de dosis vacunales. El riesgo es mayor en los individuos mayores de 60 años. Las enfermedades del timo constituyen un posible factor de riesgo independiente; en cuatro de los 23 casos conocidos (17 %) había antecedentes de enfermedad tímica. No obstante, se ignora cuáles son los otros factores de riesgo de la forma viscerotrópica de la enfermedad debido a su baja incidencia. El GACVS reitera la recomendación de limitar esta vacunación a los viajeros que presentan un riesgo real de exposición a la fiebre amarilla. Además, los vacunadores deben evaluar cuidadosamente los riesgos y los beneficios de la vacunación de los viajeros de edad y solicitar sistemáticamente información sobre eventuales antecedentes de enfermedad del timo, cualquiera que sea la edad de la persona. Cuando existan dichos antecedentes es preciso considerar medidas alternativas de prevención.
1. Boletín epidemiológico semanal (WER) N.° 3, 2004, 3, págs. 16-20.

Centro de medicina del Viajero y Vacunacion Internacional Perú
http://www.gipeit.com

Vacuna Fiebre Amarilla

El gobierno del Perú recomienda la vacuna a todos lo que visitan áreas de Selva por debajo de 2300 msnm (7546 ft). Quienes limitan su visita a Lima, Cusco y Machu Picchu no necesitan vacuna para FA.También es requerida a todos quienes arriban de países infectados con Fiebre Amarilla en África y América.En años recientes, se ha reportado Fiebre Amarilla en los departamentos de Cusco (provincia de la Concepción 2007), San Martín, Loreto, Pasco, Amazonas, Ancash, Ayacucho, Huanuco, Junín, Madre de Dios, Puno y Ucayali.

El Perú actualmente no exige ninguna vacuna a viajeros.

Para ver la lista de paises que exigen Certificado Internacional de Vacunación a los peruanos que visitan otros paises (Segun la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud 2007), visite http://www.gipeit.com/vacunacion.html